Grana- consisting of layers of membranes called thylakoids (where light dependent reactions occur) Stroma- where Calvin Cycle (light independent reactions) occur

oxygen

• anaerobic respiration (if oxygen is not present); glycolysis is followed by alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation
• aerobic respiration (if oxygen is present); glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis

Alcohol fermentation = occurs in plant cells

Lactic Acid fermentation = occurs in animal cells

• carry H+ (protons) from the Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain
  • are coenzymes that shuttle protons and electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle to the electron transport chain
  • NAD+ is the oxidized form; NADH is the reduced form
  • FAD+ is the oxidized form; FADH2 is the reduced from

KEY IDEAS

• the ETC is a collection of carrier molecules (including cytochromes) embedded in the cristae membrane of the mitochondria